英语论文哪里有？笔者通过对小说叙事形式、叙事伦理和叙事美学的分析，本文认为石黑一雄采用有自我意识的叙事者，不可靠叙述、惊奇结尾等策略，旨在引导读者根据人物的叙述不断修改叙事判断，发现故事真相，使读者在叙事进程中时刻追随人物叙事者，最终拨开叙事谜团，共同走出个人和历史的创伤。
Chapter OneRestricted Narration and Repression of Trauma
With regard to traumatic narrative,Kolk and Hart explicates that“the use of theterm‘repression’evokes the image of a subject actively pushing the unwantedtraumatic memory away.Personal consciousness stays in its place,as it were;it is thetraumatic memory that is removed”(168).As a result,the traumatized subject will beunwilling and unable to talk about the painful experience and may remain silent andnumb because of its terror and incomprehensibility.Usually,she or he will deliberatelyor consciously try to repress or avoid the traumatic memory and focus on the pleasantmemory instead in the first place.Even though the painful past is repressed and avoided,its impact continues.Usually,the traumatized subject will suffer from PTSD includingevasion,sleep disturbance,dissociation,emotional numbness,anxiety,depression,etc.
Confronted with the pain of Keiko’s suicide and the suffering of the Atomicbombing,the character narrator Etsuko suffers from severe identity crisis,so she isforced to look back on her painful past and reexamine her past choice to figure out thecause of keiko’s suicide.As is analyzed before,traumatic experiences areincomprehensible and unspeakable at the time of occurrence,so the traumatizedsubjects might repress them or remove the unwanted traumatic memory from narrative.According to James Phelan,the texts are crafted by the implied author with the purposeof influencing readers in specific ways.
Chapter TwoUnreliable Narration and Relief from Trauma
As is disclosed in Chapter One,we authorial audience figure out that the characternarrator Etsuko self-consciously denies her agony and pain about the loss of her familyand tries to evade the unwanted traumatic memory in her recollection.In this way,shefocuses on the pleasant aspect of the past and depicts herself as a caring,considerateand conventional wife and mother back in Japan.As a self-conscious narrator,sheclearly withholds key information from the readers(both the narratee and the authorialaudience).But the evasion of the traumatic memory won’t solve her existentialpredicament and removes the burden of pain.Etsuko constantly suffers from insomnia,nightmares and amnesia which implicitly implies the hanging of Keiko,she couldn’tfind a reasonable explanation that can justify her present situation.The impact of thetrauma continues.
Since the traumatized people are cut off from the knowledge of the past andtherefore need to understand it to reclaim the present and the future.Also survivorsneed to articulate and come to know their buried truth in order to be able to live theirlife.As we all know,traumatic memories cannot be logically expressed in verbalnarrative,lacking context.Thus they are frozen and wordless.These memories are notencoded like the narrative memories of adults,which are usually expressed in a verbal,linear narrative integrated into one’s ongoing life story.
Chapter ThreeReliable Narration and Recovery from Trauma
Narrative therapy,also referred to as talk cure,plays an integral part in healing oftrauma(Huang Yichang 216-226).As has been analyzed before,the traumatizedsubject have to tell the trauma story in order to survive and come to know their onceburied truth.As a result,the painful process of remembering is an integral part ofrecovering from trauma and integrating the traumatic memory into narrative memory sothat the traumatized subjects are able to include it into their life story.Since trauma hascaused“the breach in the mind’s of experience of time,self,and the world”(Cathy,Unclaimed Experience 4),the goal of recounting the trauma story is integration,insteadof exorcism.In the process of reconstruction,the trauma story would undergo atransformation.Through recollecting or retelling the trauma story,the traumatizedsubject relieve from the burden of the pain and get released from traumatic pressure andsilence.They can gradually understand the incomprehensible trauma and figure out thecauses of their pain,flashbacks,nightmare,etc.As the survivors eventually understandtheir unknown history and achieve integration,their narrative becomes reliableaccordingly.Bessel A.Van Der Kolk and Onno Van Der Hart both agree that one of thesigns of the recovery from trauma is the regain of the capacity to retell what happens tothem so that they could integrate the traumatic experience into their life experience(Wang Xin,2013:75).
Etsuko’s Reconciliation:Emigration in Turbulent Times
As is analyzed before,Etsuko’s narrative unwittingly betrays the conflation ofEtsuko’s callous British husband Sheringham and Sachiko’s untrustworthy Americanlover Frank,Etsuko’s irritable Japanese husband Jiro and Sachiko’s late arbitraryhusband.Combined Mariko’s morbid state with Keiko’s tragedy and Sachiko’semigrant determination with Etusko’s present position,we are prompted to question theauthenticity of Sachiko and Mariko’s existence,doubting whether the story about themother and daughter is actually about Etsuko herself and her daughter Keiko in the past.As the narrative progresses towards the“Ending”,the coalescence of Etsuko andSachiko,Keiko and Mariko becomes palpable.
Conclusion
Kazuo Ishiguro says,“as a writer,I’m more interested in people tell me whathappened,but not what really happened”(Shaffer and Wong 71).As an responsibleinternational writer,what he really cares is not the external physical world,but people’scomplex psychological world.Therefore,he examines the wounds of atomic bombingthrough common individuals’psyche rather than factual records,such as a death toll.APale View of Hills is largely based on Etsuko’s guilt.As a Japanese woman suffering alot from the nuclear bombing,Etsuko is anxious to escape from the pain of the war andthe shackles of her unhappy marriage and patriarchal society.Therefore,she emigratesto England out of her own emotional willingness for western democratic life,whichindirectly results in her elder daughter’s suicide.The suicide of her daughter becomesher greatest trauma,causing her to suffer from existential dilemma and identity crisis.To figure out the reason of Keiko’s death and search for her broken motherhood,she isforced to reexamine her past choice.Because the past is too painful to speak andconfront,she tries to manipulate with memory and transplant her repulsive andunspeakable past onto Sachiko to escape from her inner guilty and blame.The phrase“looking forward”is stressed eight times across two pages(111-112),suggestingEtsuko’s imperative to move forward,while also emphasizing that remembering andreexamining the past is a painful yet integral step in healing from trauma.As Stoneclaims:“we cannot forget the past,even though the past is often unreliable,and even ifmemory is indeed unreliable.But besides memory,what else do we humans have left?”(Shen Anni 18).We need to understand the past in order to figure out who we used tobe and who we are today.
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