英语论文哪里有？本文深入研究了JW的青少年小说，探讨了创伤治疗的叙事策略和方法。通过这样做，它不仅提高了人们对社会中儿童和青少年成长的认识，而且为解决这一特殊群体的创伤提供了宝贵的见解。1.Introduction
1.1 The life and works of Jacqueline Woodson
Jacqueline Woodson, born in Columbus Ohio, is a distinctive contemporary African American writer with heaps of works. As the press release announcing her as the winner of the 2018 Laura Ingalls Wilder Award states: If children’s literature today addresses themes of racism, sexuality, and class; if different voices are now heard; if more children see themselves and others in books, look to JW as a prime-mover. (Wilder Award,2018:30) The distinctiveness closely related to her personal experience. Due to the endless quarrels, her parents separated when she was a child. Then she was raised by her mother and grandparents. JW spent the first seven years in South Carolina, and moved to New York. She spent her teen years being alone and frustrated due to her own unusual views and the suffer from dyslexia. Living in an ethnically and culturally diverse community enriched her life and served as a well from which she drew inspiration to craft characters from various ethnic groups and social classes. JW grew up in the turbulent years of the Vietnam War and lived with the remnants of the Jim Crow Laws. Fortunately, JW was encouraged to read extensively by teachers and the encounter with books spurred her to be a writer. She received bachelor’s degree in English from Adelphi University in 1985. Moreover, she has also studied creative writing at the New School for Social Research. She worked as a children’s drama therapist for runaways and homeless children in New York City before she became a full-time writer.
3. Narrative Techniques for Conveying Trauma in Novels
3.1 Nonlinear narrative
As an important part of narrative technique, the arrangement of time structure not only embodies the writer’s writing skills, but also affects the success of the novel. Through the skillful use of time, JW presents the psychological trauma of the characters in her works carefully. The following part expounds how JW presents trauma through time arrangement.
3.1.1 Analepsis: the latency of trauma
Gérard Genette stated that “To study the temporal order of a narrative is to compare the order in which events or temporal sections are arranged in the narrative discourse with the order of succession these same events or temporal segments have in the story”. (Genette, 1980:35) Two kinds of time order is compared, namely, the story time order and the narrative time order. The former is a one-dimensional and fixed natural development, while the latter is the construction text under the writer’s deployment. There are many memory descriptions in JW’s novels, which inevitably adopts the flashbacks of text.
4. Trauma Recovery in Novels
4.1 Establishing a sense of safety
Traumatic events erode the victim’s sense of safety and engender a loss of control over their lives. The initial step in trauma recovery entails fostering a sense of safety within the victims. Swiftly distancing oneself from traumatic stress, seeking safe shelters, and judiciously selecting reliable alliances are imperative actions to undertake.
4.1.1 Escaping trauma
Trauma robs the victim of a sense of power and control; the guiding principle of recovery is to restore power and control to the survivor. The first task of recovery is to establish the survivor’s safety. (Herman, 1992:159) In fact, for abused children and women who suffer from family repression, the primary task should be to get the subject out of the damaged environment timely and move towards a new social environment. JW’s mother, in order to escaped racial discrimination and the harm it brought, took her children to live and work from the south to the north of America. Specifically, in JW’s novels, a large number of fleeing characters are created. These characters are more or less exposed to one or several kinds of trauma of race, society and family. They may be tortured both physically and spiritually under the oppressive family and social context, so they are eager to escape from the oppressive living environment and yearn for a new way of life. Thus, choosing to escape from the traumatic space is one of the strategies to deal with trauma.
4.2 Remembering and mourning
Van Der Kolk once stated that an important symbol of trauma recovery is that the victim is no longer disturbed by traumatic memories. He can talk about traumatic events and accept trauma in his own heart and life. (Caruth,1995:176) Freud strongly advocated “talk therapy” for patients as he believed that expressing traumatic memories through language would alleviate symptoms associated with trauma. According to Herman’s fundamental principles of trauma recovery, with the aid of a secure environment and feelings of safety, the traumatized individual can effectively organize their thoughts, reflect upon their experiences, and mourn their losses. Mourning represents the most essential and daunting task in the process of healing. However, it is only through mourning everything that she has lost can the patient discover her indestructible inner life. (Herman,188）
5. Conclusion
The limited time and pain in life determine the inevitability of trauma. In a sense, literary creation itself originates from the impulse of self-healing of human spirit. JW’s creative inspiration primarily centers around the experiences of survival, choice, and exploration during the tumultuous decades of the 1960s and 1970s. Her literary works delve into themes encompassing family dynamics, social complexities, racial tensions, and other traumas. As an African American writer born in the 1960s, both societal history and personal familial background have profoundly shaped her writing. JW has a deep understanding of the survival aspirations of marginalized groups in the United States, especially African-American children and adolescents. Her works are based on realism, trying to reflect the reality in front of readers.
Under the framework of trauma narrative theory, this thesis attempts to explore the causes of trauma, the narrative technique to present trauma, and the potential for trauma healing in novels such as MB, IYCS, AB, Hush, IHMTY, BMM, PL and so on. In face of traumatic memory, JW employs a variety of techniques to present trauma. For instance, nonlinear narrative strategy incisively and vividly highlights the mental state of trauma victims, bringing readers back to the year 1960s and 1970s.
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