英语论文哪里有？本文基于异化与人化的理念，对《克拉拉与太阳》中的科技未来进行分析，由此揭示出小说蕴含的科技危机与破解之道。
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 About Kazuo Ishiguro
Ishiguro was born in 1954 in Nagasaki,Japan.His father was a physicaloceanographer,and since his father was invited to do research at the National Instituteof Oceanography,Ishiguro came to live with his family in the town of Guildford,Surrey,when he was five years old.He attended Stoughton Primary School andWoking County Grammar School in Surrey,where he received a typical Englisheducation,and at home he received a traditional Japanese education from his parents.After graduating from school,he took a gap year and hitchhiked around the United States and Canada,writing journal and sending demo tapes to record companies.Ishiguro has been fascinated by music since he was a teenager,and at first he dreamedof becoming a singer like Leonard Cohen and Bob Dylan,rather than writing novels.Through listening to and writing songs,he discovered the hidden strong emotions ofthe songs,finding out“the tension between the sentiment itself and the hugeresistance that’s obviously been overcome to declare it,”which had a great influenceon his writing(Ishiguro 38).In 1974,he began his studies at the University of Kent atCanterbury,where he majored in English and Philosophy,graduating with a Bachelordegree of Arts in 1978.In his twenties,he worked as a social worker for several years,helping homeless people in Renfrew and London.Later on,he studied creativewriting under the guidance of Malcolm Bradbury and Angela Carter at the Universityof East Anglia,obtaining the Master degree of Arts in 1980.
CHAPTER III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Alienation of Science and Technology
“Alienation”is derived from the Latin word“aliēnātiōn,”meaning“a transfer,surrender,separation.”Since the rise of German classical philosophy in the late 18thand early 19th century,the term“alienation”has gradually become an importantconcept in the philosophical system.In The Phenomenology of Spirit,G.W.F.Hegelemploys this concept to describe the externalization of the spirit:self-consciousnessrelinquishes its personality and thus creates its exterior world,and“by doing so itrelates to it as something alien”(284).In this sense,it refers to the externalization andseparation of the spiritual world of self-consciousness into an external world that isopposed to the self.Ludwig A.Feuerbach uses the idea of alienation to criticizereligious theology in The Essence of Christianity,stating that“Man[...]projects hisbeing into objectivity,and then again makes himself an object to this projected imageof himself thus converted into a subject”(72).It exposes the fact that religion is aself-alienation of human essence.Here alienation implies that the object produced byand detached from the subject acts as an alien force to the subject.
CHAPTER V HUMANIZATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
5.1 The Return of Human Nature to the Technological Product Klara
In a futuristic technological society,due to the uncontrolled development ofscience and technology and its increasing dominant force,it gradually loses itsintrinsic humanistic significance,and even becomes anti-humanistic.As Sarton argues:“Each scientific result is a fruit of humanity,a proof of its virtue”(87).Hence humanfactors and humanistic values should not be detached from science and technology butfirmly absorbed into its production and development,so as to realize the return ofhumanization to science and technology.In the novel,Ishiguro uses the technique ofnon-human narration,featuring the perspective of AF Klara,and continually bringingthe non-human and the human closer together in the story.Thus,although AF Klara isa technological product,she is portrayed by Ishiguro as a brilliant figure whopossesses unimpeachable character and is a great embodiment of humanity.Byachieving the return of human nature to technological product Klara,Ishigurosuggests that science and technology need to be integrated with humanistic spirit,andthat the goodness embedded in technology can save mankind rather than become analien force that is hostile to humanity.
5.2 The Harmonious Relationship between Klara and Nature
Science and technology should be developed on the basis of the objective laws ofnature,and should not dominate and transform nature without any moral rules andregulations,not to mention being an enemy of nature and causing grievous harm to it.As Schumacher claims,with the“continuation of scientific advance in the direction ofever increasing violence,”human beings should consciously explore and cultivate harmonious ways“of cooperating with that enormous,wonderful andincomprehensible system of God-given nature”(175,178).In the novel,Ishiguroportrays a favorable interaction between a technological creation Klara and the Sun:Klara relies on and worships the Sun,and the Sun shows kindness to her and offersher a helping hand.By achieving the return of a harmonious relationship betweenscience and technology and nature,the author implies the fact that science andtechnology may not necessarily be an enemy standing in opposition to nature,but canbe the salutary existence that lives in harmony with nature,which reveals his strongconcern for ecology.
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION
With the rapid evolving and changing of today’s world,people are constantlyconfronted with new challenges and dilemmas.As a humanist and realist writer whois always concerned about current events and universal human emotions,Ishigurotries to convey his ideas on the new world to people through his literary works.InKlara and the Sun,he shows his concerns and expectations for the future oftechnological society.Under the guidance of the theories of alienation andhumanization,this thesis explores the future of science and technology in the novel soas to arouse people’s attention to the potential technological crisis and find thehumanized way to live in harmony between human beings,science and technology,and nature.
Firstly,this thesis investigates the representations and consequences of alienationof science and technology in the novel.In near-future society,science and technologyhave become an ideology and taken full control of society.People believe in thesupremacy of technological rationality and blindly misuse and worship technology.Astechnology advances uncontrollably,the phenomenon of alienation emerges.It hashad a tremendous adverse impact on nature,society and individuals:frequentenvironmental pollution and disturbed ecological balance,the genetic barrier anddiscrimination,and the loss of the subjectivity value of individuals.
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